Pancho Villa, one of the most famous and controversial figures of the Mexican Revolution, met a violent and dramatic end on July 20, 1923, in the town of Parral, in the northern Mexican state of Chihuahua. His death marked the end of a turbulent life filled with rebellion, military triumphs, and political intrigue.
After years of fighting during the Mexican Revolution, Villa had retired from active warfare in 1920, following an agreement with the Mexican government led by President Álvaro Obregón. As part of the deal, Villa was granted a large estate called Hacienda de Canutillo, where he lived quietly for a few years. During this time, he tried to distance himself from politics and warfare, devoting his attention to farming, ranching, and the local community. However, despite his attempts at peace, Villa remained a symbol of rebellion and a potential threat to Mexico’s fragile political stability.
Many in the government feared that Villa might once again take up arms or become involved in a new uprising. He still had loyal followers, and his name carried enormous influence among the rural poor. In addition, rumors circulated that he might run for the presidency in upcoming elections. These fears and suspicions led to growing tension between Villa and the political elite in Mexico City.
On the day of his assassination, Villa was driving through Parral in a Dodge automobile, accompanied by a few of his bodyguards. As his car slowed down while passing through the town, a group of gunmen ambushed him, opening fire from the side of the road. Villa was struck multiple times, reportedly by bullets to the head and chest, and died instantly. Four of his companions were also killed in the attack.
The identity of his killers has long been debated. Some historians believe that the assassination was orchestrated by political enemies, possibly with the approval of President Obregón or his successor, Plutarco Elías Calles, who viewed Villa as a continuing danger to their power. Others suggest that local enemies or personal rivals may have been behind the plot. Regardless of who was responsible, the killing was clearly well-planned and executed with military precision.
In the years following his death, Pancho Villa became a legendary figure — both a hero and a villain, depending on who told the story. To some, he was a fearless revolutionary who fought for justice and the poor; to others, he was a ruthless bandit responsible for bloodshed and chaos. His life and death have inspired countless books, songs, and films, keeping his memory alive in Mexican culture and beyond.
In the end, Pancho Villa died as he had lived — violently, dramatically, and surrounded by mystery. Yet his story remains a powerful symbol of the struggle for freedom, equality, and change that shaped modern Mexico.
Introduction
Pancho Villa, one of the most legendary figures of the Mexican Revolution, survived countless battles, raids, and even a U.S. military expedition aimed at capturing him. Yet, despite his prowess on the battlefield, Villa met his end not in combat but through assassination. His death on July 20, 1923, marked the end of a life defined by audacity, strategy, and defiance.
Villa’s Life After the Revolution
After years of revolutionary activity, Villa retired in 1920 following a peace agreement with the Mexican government:
Lived in relative peace, enjoying farming, cattle ranching, and a quieter lifestyle
Remained a symbolic figure, admired by many for his fight for social justice
Despite retirement, Villa remained a political threat to some factions in Mexico due to his immense popularity and influence.
The Assassination
On the morning of July 20, 1923, Villa was ambushed while driving through the town of Parral, Chihuahua:
His car was stopped by gunmen hiding along the roadside
Villa was fatally shot, with multiple bullets striking him
The attack was carefully planned, suggesting political motivations
Villa’s killers were reportedly acting on behalf of rival political interests, aiming to eliminate him as a potential revolutionary threat to the government.
Theories and Motives Behind His Death
Historians have debated the exact motives and planners behind Villa’s assassination:
Political rivals: Some believed the Mexican government viewed him as too powerful and feared a return to rebellion
Personal vendettas: Villa had made numerous enemies during his military campaigns
Consolidation of power: Removing Villa helped stabilize the post-revolutionary political landscape
Regardless of the precise motive, Villa’s death was a targeted killing, ending the life of one of Mexico’s most controversial and admired leaders.
Legacy After Death
Even in death, Pancho Villa’s influence endured:
Became a symbol of resistance and heroism in Mexican history
Inspired countless films, books, songs, and cultural depictions
Continues to be studied as a complex figure—both a military genius and a controversial outlaw
Villa’s assassination demonstrated the dangers of revolutionary prominence: no matter how legendary, leaders often remain vulnerable to political intrigue and betrayal.
Conclusion
Pancho Villa did not die on the battlefield, but in a calculated ambush, a stark reminder of the turbulent political climate of post-revolutionary Mexico. His death on July 20, 1923, ended a life of bold defiance, yet cemented his legacy as one of history’s most enduring revolutionary icons.
OTHER SOURCES
Pancho Villa was ambushed and shot on his ranch in Parral on July 23, 1923.
Pancho Villa, born in 1878, was a prominent Mexican revolutionary and guerrilla leader. His birth name was Doroteo Arango, although he was also known as Francisco. After he killed the owner of the estate where he was employed due to an assault on his sister, Villa fled to the mountains, spending his adolescence as a fugitive.
He participated in revolts against two dictators, Porfirio Díaz and Victoriano Huerta, and left Mexico in 1912. However, he returned in 1913 and established an army of several thousand men, known as the infamous División del Norte. In 1914, he allied his forces with those of Venustiano Carranza, leading to a significant victory over Huerta and their triumphant entry into Mexico City as the revolution's leaders.
Unfortunately, his alliance with Carranza was short-lived, and after suffering defeats in several confrontations, Villa and Emiliano Zapata retreated to the mountains of Northern Mexico, where he continued his rebellion and guerrilla warfare.
In 1916, following the execution of sixteen U.S. citizens at Santa Isabel, President Woodrow Wilson dispatched General John Pershing to capture Villa.
However, the support of his allies, his familiarity with the northern Mexican terrain, and Mexico's opposition to Pershing's presence made it exceedingly difficult for him to be apprehended.
After Carranza's government was overthrown in 1920, Villa was granted a pardon and awarded a ranch in Chihuahua, contingent upon his promise to withdraw from political life. Ultimately, he was assassinated on his ranch in 1923.
Doña Luz wasn’t the only woman in his life, nor even the only woman who claimed to be his wife. But the striking blue-eyed peasant woman was the first wife to the Mexican Revolution general, making her certificate of marriage the most valid, out of all the women Pancho Villa later married.
More important, she carried a lifelong wound of burying their infant daughter, Luz Elena, while he fathered children with other women, leaving her to raise many of them as her own.
The marriage certificate dated May 29, 1911, was more than just a symbol of pride for Doña Luz Corral; it became the first chapter of her life story which began on July 2, 1892. She was a living witness to what has been called “the storm that swept Mexico” in modern literature.
The Mexican Revolution was a sweeping panoply of brutal battles, criminal adventure and treacherous savagery. The Mutual Film Corporation paid Gen. Villa 20 percent of ticket sales to become Hollywood’s first revolutionary star of the newsreels.
But it was Doña Luz, whom he first saw when she was 18 in the village of San Andrés, who earned the role of Madre and matriarch. The courtship was short, contrary to her mother’s wishes, and it left Father Juan de Dios Muñoz aghast. After he asked the 32-year-old man to make his church confession, José Doroteo Arango Arámbula, the son of a sharecropper, reborn as Gen. Francisco (Pancho) Villa, responded that it would take days to list the sins on his soul.
In 1923, Villa was assassinated in his Dodge Brothers touring car in Parral, Chihuahua, leaving 31-year-old Mrs. Villa a widow—and with an orphanage on their property of some 50 children of all ages. Her life as the wife of the revolutionary was shattered, but she was a survivor.
Even though the government took the Villa Ranch near Canutillo, Durango, from Doña Luz for back taxes, they did not take the Villas’ 50-room mansion in Chihuahua City. For six decades Villa’s celebrity widow welcomed a stream of strangers and curiosity-seekers to La Casa de Villa, or Historical Museum of the Revolution, which was filled with artifacts of her dead husband.
For the equivalent of 25 cents, she provided an autograph, recited speeches in English while consulting an old notebook, and permitted visitors to examine remnants of the Mexican Revolution: Villa’s photographs, weapons, saddles and uniforms, and even his bullet-ridden car in which he was assassinated. Near the end of her life, Luz received visitors from bed, too weak to rise. She died at age 89 on July 6, 1981.
Introduction
Pancho Villa, the audacious Mexican revolutionary, became the focus of one of the most remarkable military pursuits in U.S. history. Following his 1916 raid on Columbus, New Mexico, Villa was hunted by General John J. Pershing and a large contingent of U.S. troops across the rugged terrain of northern Mexico. This expedition, known as the Punitive Expedition, spanned 1916–1917 and remains a fascinating chapter in the intertwined histories of the United States and Mexico.
Impact: 17 Americans killed, dozens wounded, and significant property destruction
Aftermath: The attack outraged the American public and demanded an immediate military response
This daring move marked the first time Villa directly challenged U.S. authority, escalating him from revolutionary leader to an international fugitive.
Pershing’s Punitive Expedition
President Woodrow Wilson authorized the U.S. Army to pursue Villa into Mexico:
Commander: General John J. Pershing
Forces Deployed: Over 10,000 troops, equipped with horses, motor vehicles, early aircraft, and radio communications
Objectives: Capture Villa, disrupt his operations, and protect the U.S.–Mexico border
This campaign was one of the first instances of modernized warfare for the U.S., combining traditional cavalry with emerging technology.
Villa’s Elusiveness
Despite the expedition’s size and resources, Villa’s knowledge of northern Mexico made him nearly impossible to catch:
Terrain Advantage: Deserts, mountains, and remote villages favored Villa’s mobility
Guerrilla Tactics: Hit-and-run attacks, ambushes, and false trails frustrated U.S. forces
Local Support: Many Mexican civilians aided Villa, making intelligence gathering difficult
Villa’s ability to evade capture during this expedition reinforced his reputation as a master strategist and folk hero.
The Expedition’s Challenges and Limitations
Pershing’s campaign faced numerous obstacles:
Harsh environmental conditions caused logistical and operational difficulties
Diplomatic tensions with the Mexican government limited military freedom
Villa’s decentralized forces allowed him to disperse and regroup at will
Ultimately, these factors combined to make Villa untouchable during the entire U.S. campaign.
Outcome and Historical Impact
The Punitive Expedition officially ended in February 1917, having failed to capture Villa:
Strengthened U.S. military readiness along the border
Demonstrated the complexities of cross-border interventions
Cemented Pancho Villa’s enduring image as a revolutionary icon
Villa continued to influence Mexican politics until his retirement in 1920, leaving a legacy of daring, defiance, and tactical brilliance.
Conclusion
The hunt for Pancho Villa is a story of audacity, strategy, and international intrigue. It highlights the challenges of modern warfare, the resilience of a revolutionary leader, and the lasting consequences of one man’s bold actions. Even today, the 1916–1917 expedition stands as a testament to Villa’s legendary status and the turbulent era of the Mexican Revolution.
OTHER RESOURCES
In 1916, the Signal Corps Aviation Service only had a few crude aircraft. The 1st Aero Squadron which was assigned to support Pershing was equipped with six Curtiss JN-2 “Jennies” which had a reputation of being unstable deathtraps.
In addition, the airservice was handicapped by inexperienced pilots. Pershing was barely a month into the expedition when he lost all six of his aircraft. Two crashed within the first week of the expedition.
Pershing’s expedition also provided an opportunity for one of the Army more headstrong members. . . George S. Patton, then a young lieutenant.
Fearing he would be left behind on mundane border patrol with his unit, Patton pleaded with Pershing to take him along as a replacement for one of his two aides that was absent when the expedition was ordered into Mexico. Pershing agreed at the last moment and took him.
Pancho Villa had a nine days headstart before Pershing’s Expedition crossed into Mexico (Map 1) at noon on March 15, 1916. By that time, Villa and his men were well hidden in the mountains. To cover the uncharted terrain, Pershing divided his force into East and West columns and proceeded methodically into the unfamiliar Mexican interior.
Basically, the two American columns of the expedition got nowhere in their pursuit of Pancho Villa. Northern Mexico was a vast wasteland with few towns and dominated by the barren and rugged Sierra Madre Mountains with peaks averaging ten to twelve thousand feet and honeycombed with deep canyons providing excellent hiding places for Pancho Villa and his men.
The few roads were little more than dirt trails, dusty in dry weather and muddy quagmires in the rain. Villa’s men were on their home ground while Pershing was moving into unfamiliar and largely unmapped territory depending on Mexican guides whose loyalty was always questionable.
Pershing’s soldiers, encountered every imaginable mishap during their eleven months in Mexico.
President Carranza had promised assistance, but when, for example, Pershing’s men were on the verge of capturing Panco Villa, the “Carranzistas” attacked them. Another time, Pershing’s Indian scouts misinformed him about the location of Villa’s lair.
On other occasions, the scouts brought in blood-filled boots and bullet-riddled shirts as “proof” that he had been killed.
At Colonia Dublan , Pershing established his permanent command post where he began to plan how he would snare Pancho Villa. Everywhere U.S. Troops went, men, women, and children cheerfully provided them with misinformation about his (Villa’s) whereabouts.
As in past American invasions (e.g., the Mexican War of 1846-1848), the Pershing Expedition was a financial “boon” to Mexico. The American soldiers’ wants were catered to and satisfied everywhere they went. Prices skyrocketed. If they so desired, soldiers could submerge themselves in Mexican beer. Cantinas were open all night. In many restaurants soldiers devoured “deer” meat that once ran in the streets barking.
Life was hard only when the Americans marched or rode along the dirt roads and were eating their dry ration crackers and looking for water. Dublan was transformed into an enormous military encampment complete with a railhead where tons of supplies were unloaded by a thousand civilian workers.
The soldiers and civilians worked by day and brawled by night in the saloons and bordellos that had sprung up in the once sleepy town.
Pancho Villa’s men mingled with the populace at will by simply removing the cartridge belts they normally strapped across their chests.
They even mixed with the Americans and attended Western “cowboy” movies with Pershing’s officers.
In May, 1916, Lieutenant Patton saw combat for the first time.
Based on information about the location of Julio Cardenas, one of Pancho Villa’s most trusted subordinates and commander of his personal bodyguard; Patton, accompanied by ten soldiers from the 6th Infantry Regiment, and two civilian guides traveling in three Dodge open top touring automobiles, conducted a surprise raid on a ranch house at San Miguelito (Map 2) near Rubio.
During the ensuing fire-fight, Patton and his men killed three men. One was identified as Cardenas. The other two dead Mexicans were an unnamed Villista captain and a private. Patton’s men tied the bodies to the hoods of the cars, while Patton put Cardenas’ silver-studded saddle and sword into his vehicle.
The spectacle of the three cars with the bodies tied on the hoods caused a great commotion along the road, but Patton and his party sped through the countryside to their headquarters at Dublan without incident.
At around 4 p.m., Patton arrived at Dublan with the three bloody corpses strapped across the blistering-hot hoods of the automobiles.
War correspondents crowded around to get a first hand account of his adventure. The stories they filed made Patton a national hero for several weeks. His photograph appeared in newspapers around the United States.
Pershing was pleased that someone had enlivened the hunt for Villa and actually taken out a key member of his band. He even permitted Patton to keep Cardenas’ sword and silver saddle as trophies of his first fight.12
In June, Pershing was informed that Pancho Villa could be taken at the small village of Carrizal, northwest of his command center at Dublan. (Map 2).
When the Pershing’s troops assaulted the village on June 21, they quickly realized they had been hoodwinked for they found themselves fighting “Carranzistas,” not Villistas. Scores of “Carranzitas” were killed or wounded. Pancho Villa was reported to have watched with much delight — from a safe distance — as his two enemies battled each other in total confusion.
The unfortunate American attack on Mexican government troops became known as the “Carrizal Affair” and created a such a rowe that war with Mexico seemed possible. The situation led President Wilson to call 75,000 National Guardsmen into Federal service to help police the U.S. - Mexico border.
In fact, hostilities with Mexico probably would have erupted then and there, but for the bitter war raging in Europe. Wilson, anxious not to become involved in Mexico at a time when relations with Germany were deteriorating, agreed to submit Mexican complaints arising out of the punitive expedition to a joint commission for settlement.
Some time later the commission ruled that, among other things, that the debacle at Carrizal was the fault of the American unit commander.
For the remainder of 1916, the intensity of the hunt for Pancho Villa waned and replaced by the tedious routine of life in a temporary bivouac. Boredom spawned drunken shoot-outs between troops and local Mexicans. In an attempt to keep his men busy,
Pershing initiated a tough new training program that included cavalry maneuvers. It was clear by this time, however, that given President Wilson’s restrictive orders and the growing intransigence of the Carranza regime that the Pershing led Mexican incursion was doomed to failure.
Company H, 3rd Separate Infantry Battalion and 2nd Company, Coast Artillery were mustered into Federal service on August 10 and September 26 respectively, but remained at home station and were not sent to Texas.
The aggregate strength of the Georgia units that were sent to Camp Cotton, Texas was 3,892.
The units were mobilized on June 18, 1916 and mustered into Federal service, most between July 2-31 and one as late as September 26. After some mobilization training at Camp Harris, they departed for duty on the U.S. - Mexico border.
An example of the service of one of the Georgia National Guard units deployed to the border is revealed in the reports of the 2nd Squadron Cavalry.
The unit departed Camp Harris at Macon, Georgia on October 25, 1916 and arrived at Fort Bliss, Texas (Map 2) on November 1, 1916. At Fort Bliss, they underwent a month of mounted training until Then, the squadron left on December 1, 1916 for field duty at Fabens , Texas (Map 2) with three officers and 70 men, 79 horses, 2 transport wagons, and eight mules.
The group marched 32 miles to Fabens finally reaching there at 1:40 p.m. on December 2, 1916. They performed border patrol with the 1st Kentucky Infantry and from December 16 on with the 2nd Kentucky Infantry.
The squadron left Fort Bliss, Texas at 1a.m. on March 22, 1917 with three officers and 77 men, two wagons and full equipment. They arrived at home station, Atlanta, Georgia at 1p.m., March 27, 1917. The distance traveled was 1,700 miles.
In January, 1917, the ill-fated attempt to capture Pancho Villa ended with the recall of the Punitive Expedition from Mexico.
On January 27, the first of 10,690 men and 9,307 horses embarked for Columbus. It took over a week to assemble the full expeditionary force back at Fort Bliss, where, on February 7, 1917, with General Pershing at the head, they marched into El Paso to the acclaim of cheering crowds. That officially ended Pershing’s campaign.
The expedition had gone as far south as Parral, but Pershing had not captured Pancho Villa. Therefore, the expedition was only notable as the last U.S. Cavalry expedition in U.S. military history. Although Villa had once been nicked in the knee cap by a Carranzistas bullet, he was now completely mended and feeling well.
However, many of his best men had either died or deserted him. But, with the gringos gone, he was now free to continue his struggle with his arch foe Venustiano Carranza.18
Unabashed by his failure to capture Pancho Villa, General Pershing claimed the expedition was successful as a learning experience.
However, in the minds of Mexicans, Pancho Villa was the clear winner. He had emerged triumphant from battle with the United States led by the great General Pershing.
No doubt, in the eyes of the Mexican people, Pershing’s withdrawal from Mexico added to Pancho Villa’s myth of invincibility.
But, a few years later, on Friday, July 20, 1923, Pancho Villa’s luck ran out. Accompanied by his entourage of Dorades (“Golden Ones”), which was what he called his bodyguards, Pancho Villa frequently made trips to Parral for banking and other errands.
This day, Pancho Villa had picked up a consignment of gold with which to pay his Canutillo ranch staff and was driving through the city in his black 1919 Dodge roadster when a group of seven riflemen fired 150 shots in just two minutes into his car. In the fusillade of shots, 16 bullets lodged in his body and four more in his head.
Pancho Villa was reported to have killed one of the assassins before he died. Truly, Pancho Villa had lived by the gun and died by the gun.
It was never determined who ordered the killing. However, the assassins were given light prison terms leading to general speculation that someone in the Mexican government must have given the order simply because Villa had become an embarrassment to post-revolutionary Mexico.
But even in death, Pancho Villa was not at rest and still stirred controversy. Three years after he was buried in the Cemeterio Municipal at Parral, it was alleged that an ex-Villista officer, Captain Emil L. Holmdahl, had opened the tomb and removed Villa’s head to sell to an eccentric Chicago millionaire who collected the skulls of historic figures.
Despite the rumors of a headless Villa, his sons prevented examination of the remains to see if the head was still attached. Three years later, the Federal government ordered Villa’s body, reported to be headless, moved to Mexico City to be interred in the Tomb of Illustrious Men.
Pancho Villa, one of Mexico’s most notorious revolutionary generals, didn’t just fight battles in Mexico—he also became the target of an unprecedented U.S. military expedition. Between 1916 and 1917, the Punitive Expedition, led by General John J. Pershing, sought to capture Villa following his bold raid on Columbus, New Mexico. This hunt stands as a dramatic chapter in both Mexican and U.S. history, highlighting the clash of borders, politics, and military strategy.
The Columbus Raid: A Turning Point
On March 9, 1916, Villa’s forces attacked the small border town of Columbus, New Mexico:
Approximately 500 of Villa’s men crossed into U.S. territory
They looted and burned the town, resulting in 17 U.S. deaths and numerous injuries
The raid shocked the American public and demanded a response
This bold act transformed Villa from a revolutionary hero in Mexico to a fugitive hunted by an international military force.
The U.S. Punitive Expedition
In response, President Woodrow Wilson authorized the U.S. Army to enter northern Mexico in pursuit of Villa:
General John J. Pershing led a force of over 10,000 troops
Objectives: capture Villa, punish his followers, and stabilize the U.S.–Mexico border
The expedition marked one of the first uses of motorized vehicles, airplanes, and radio communications in U.S. military operations
Despite its scale and technological advantage, Villa proved elusive, using his intimate knowledge of northern Mexico’s rugged terrain.
Challenges of the Hunt
The Punitive Expedition faced significant obstacles:
Rugged terrain: Deserts, mountains, and remote villages made tracking Villa extremely difficult
Villa remained active in Mexico until his retirement in 1920
The hunt had lasting consequences:
Strengthened U.S.–Mexico border security and military preparedness
Highlighted the challenges of cross-border military intervention
Cemented Villa’s legendary status as an untouchable revolutionary
Conclusion
The hunt for Pancho Villa (1916–1917) is more than a military story—it is a tale of audacity, strategy, and the limits of power. Villa’s ability to evade one of the largest U.S. military expeditions of the era demonstrates both his ingenuity and the complexity of the Mexican Revolution. Today, this episode remains a fascinating chapter in North American history, illustrating how one man’s actions can ripple across nations and borders.
OTHER SOURCES
Doroteo Arango, alias Francisco “Pancho” Villa, was born in 1877 (1879 according to some sources) in San Juan del Rio, State of Durango, Mexico.
During his lifetime, he was a ruthless killer (killing his first man at age sixteen), a notorious bandit (including cattle rustling and bank robbery), a revolutionary (a general commanding a division in the resistance against the 1913-14 Victoriano Huerta dictatorship), and despite his bloodthirsty nature, an enduring hero to the poor people of Mexico.
In their minds, Villa was afraid of no one, not the Mexican government or the gringos from the United States. He was their one true friend and avenger for decades of Yankee oppression.
In late 1915 Pancho Villa had counted on American support to obtain the presidency of Mexico. Instead the U.S. Government recognized the new government of Venustiano Carranza.
An irate Villa swore revenge against the United States.and began by murdering Americans in hopes of provoking President Woodrow Wilson’s intervention into Mexico.
Pancho Villa believed that American interevention would discredit the Carranza government with the people of Mexico and reaffirm his own popularity.
Pancho Villa and his “pistoleros” launched raids along the U.S.- Mexico boundary to frighten the Americans living in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona border towns.
Concerned for the safety of Americans, President Wilson ordered the War Department to begin deploying troops to Texas and New Mexico.
In April, 1915, Brigadier General John J. Pershing and his 8th Infantry Brigade were sent to Fort Bliss, Texas with the mission of guarding the U.S.- Mexico border from Arizona to a bleak outpost in the Sierra Blanca mountains ninety miles southeast of El Paso.
While the presence of American troops served to deter Pancho Villa on the north of the Rio Grande, the murder of U.S. citizens in Mexico continued. One of the most heinous atrocities occurred January 11, 1916, when Villa’s bandits stopped a train at Santa Ysabel .
The bandits removed a group of 17 Texas business men (mining engineers) invited by the Mexican government to reopen the Cusihuiriachic mines below Chihuahua City and executed them in cold blood. However, one of those shot feined death and rolled down the side of the embankment and, crawling away into a patch of brown mesquite bushes, escaped.
The train moved on, leaving the corpses at the mercy of the slayers, who stripped and mutilated them. After the escapee arrived back at Chihuahua City, a special train sped to Santa Ysabel to reclaim the bodies.
When the people of El Paso heard of the massacre, they went wild with anger. El Paso was immediately placed under martial law to prevent irate Texans from crossing into Mexico at Juarez to wreak vengeance on innocent Mexicans.
Despite outrage in the United States and Washington over the Santa Ysabel massacre, President Wilson refused to intervene and send troops into Mexico.
Two months later, Pancho Villa decided to strike again. This time he would invade the United States. At 2:30 a.m., on the morning of March 9, 1916, he and 500 “Villistas” attacked the 13th U.S. Cavalry at Camp Furlong near Columbus, New Mexico (Map 1).
Despite prior knowledge that Villa and his men were pillaging, raping, and murdering their way toward the border, the cavalry was caught completely by surprise. One reason for the cavalry’s sluggishness was because some of the troops had been drinking, but perhaps more importantly, all of the troops’ rifles were chained and locked in gun racks.
Still, the cavalry managed to get organized and fought off the “Villistas” killing many of them in the process. During their retreat, however, the “Villistas” stopped at Columbus, New Mexico for a looting and window-shooting spree that left several U.S. civilians dead.
For three hours, bullets struck houses and shouts of “Viva Villa! Viva Mexico! Muerte a los Americanos!” (death to americans) were heard in the streets.
The town was set afire, though Villa’s men realized nothing beyond a few dollars and perhaps some merchandise from the burntout stores.
The terror continued until about 7 a.m., and when Villa finally rode off, the smoke-filled streets of Columbus were littered with the dead and wounded.
Fourteen American soldiers and ten civilians were killed in the raid.3
Although Villa’s losses from from his American incursion were high, he had achieved his aim of arousing the United States. Now, he and his men headed due south from Palomas seeking the safety of the mountains of the Sierra Madre.
However, the 13th U.S. Cavalry was now in hot pursuit. Colonel Frank Tompkins had managed to gather 32 cavalrymen and was nipping at the heels of the fleeing Mexicans. His troops sighted Pancho Villa’s rear guard and killed over thirty men and horses.
Colonel Tompkins kept up the chase for eight hours and killed a number of stragglers as well as more of Villa’s rear guard.
Lacking supplies, Tompkins and his cavalrymen were forced to return to Camp Furlong. On their way back, they counted 75 to 100 “Villistas” killed during their hastily organized pursuit.4
The populace of Columbus was in a state of hysteria.
The American cavalry troops collected the bodies of the “Villistas” that had been shot in the streets and on the outskirts of town and piled them on funeral pyres and cremated them. For a day or more the fires smoldered and the odor of burning flesh permeated the air.
Columbus lay virtually demolished, so completely burned and pillaged that it never recovered its former vitality.5
To prevent repetitions of the Columbus outrage, President Wilson called out 15,000 militia and stationed them along the U.S. - Mexico border .
Wilson also informed President Carranza that he intended to send a military expedition into northern Mexico to capture Pancho Villa, and Carranza reluctantly agreed.
President Wilson then appointed Brigadier General John J. Pershing to lead 4,800 troops (mostly cavalry), supported by aircraft and motorized military vehicles (the first time either were used in U.S. warfare) on a punitive expedition into Mexico to capture Pancho Villa.
However, there was a catch to Pershing’s mission orders from Wilson that would be decisive in the end.
Pershing was to pursue and punish Villa, but not to upset the Carranza government by firing on any of his troops. The futility of Wilson’s orders was plain even before the expedition began, when the local Carranzista commander at nearby Palomas threatened to attack the Americans.
Pershing was only able to stave off an incident by hiring the man as a guide for his troops. Carranza would take advantage of Wilson’s restrictions to make life miserable for the Punitive Expedition throughout their mission.
Introduction
Pancho Villa, born José Doroteo Arango Arámbula on June 5, 1878, remains one of the most iconic figures of the Mexican Revolution (1910–1920). A complex mix of outlaw, military genius, and folk hero, Villa’s life story reflects the turbulence and aspirations of early 20th-century Mexico.
Early Life: Poverty and Rebellion
Villa was born in San Juan del Río, Durango, into a poor peasant family. His formative years were marked by hardship:
Forced to work from a young age to support his family
Experienced injustice and inequality firsthand
Became an outlaw after defending his family against local abuses
These early experiences shaped his sense of justice and determination to fight for the oppressed.
Joining the Revolution
Villa’s revolutionary journey began in 1910, when he joined Francisco Madero in the fight against dictator Porfirio Díaz. He quickly distinguished himself as a fearless and innovative military leader:
Notable campaigns include the capture of Ciudad Juárez (1911)
However, his fame also brought controversy. His 1916 raid on Columbus, New Mexico made him a target of the U.S. military and added an international dimension to his legacy.
Later Life and Legacy
After years of conflict, Villa retired in 1920, accepting a government amnesty and returning to a peaceful life on his Chihuahua estate. He was assassinated in 1923, but his legacy endures:
Celebrated as a hero of the oppressed
Symbol of the revolutionary spirit in Mexico
Inspired countless films, books, and cultural narratives worldwide
Conclusion
Pancho Villa’s life journey—from a poor peasant boy to a revolutionary legend—captures the hope, struggle, and complexity of Mexico’s fight for justice and equality. His story remains a testament to courage, leadership, and the fight against oppression.
With Huerta gone, hostilities between Villa and Carranza broke out almost immediately. A number of delegates from the leading figures of the revolution got together at the Convention of Aguascalientes in October of 1914, but the interim government put together at the convention did not last and the country was once again embroiled in a civil war. Zapata remained holed up in Morelos, only fighting those who ventured onto his turf, and Obregón decided to support Carranza, mostly because he felt Villa was a loose cannon and the lesser of two evils.
Carranza set himself up as President of Mexico until elections could take place and sent Obregón and his army after the rebellious Villa. At first, Villa and his generals, such as Felipe Angeles, scored decisive victories against Carranza. But in April, Obregón brought his army north and lured Villa into a fight. The Battle of Celaya took place from April 6-15, 1915 and was a huge victory for Obregón. Villa limped away but Obregón chased him and the two fought at the Battle of Trinidad (April 29-June 5, 1915). Trinidad was another huge loss for Villa and the once-mighty Division of the North was in tatters.
In October, Villa crossed the mountains into Sonora, where he hoped to defeat Carranza's forces and regroup. During the crossing, Villa lost Rodolfo Fierro, his most loyal officer and cruel hatchet man. Carranza had reinforced Sonora, however, and Villa was defeated. He was forced to cross back into Chihuahua with what was left of his army. By December, it was evident to Villa's officers that Obregón and Carranza had won: most of the Division of the North accepted an offer of amnesty and switched sides. Villa himself headed into the mountains with 200 men, determined to keep fighting.
The Guerrilla Campaign and the Attack on Columbus
Villa had officially gone rogue. His army down to a couple of hundred men, he resorted to banditry to keep his men supplied with food and ammunition. Villa became increasingly erratic, and blamed the Americans for his losses in Sonora. He detested Woodrow Wilson for recognizing the Carranza government and began harassing any and all Americans that crossed his path.
On the morning of March 9, 1916, Villa attacked Columbus, New Mexico, with 400 men. The plan was to defeat the small garrison and make off with weapons and ammunition as well as to rob the bank and get revenge on one Sam Ravel, an American arms dealer who had once double-crossed Villa and a Columbus resident. The attack failed on every level: the American garrison was much stronger than Villa had suspected, the bank went unrobbed, and Sam Ravel had gone to El Paso. Still, the fame Villa gained by having the guts to attack a town in the United States gave him a new lease on life. Recruits once again joined his army and word of his deeds were spread far and wide, often romanticized in song.
The Americans sent General Jack Pershing into Mexico after Villa. On March 15, he took 5,000 American soldiers across the border. This action became known as the “Punitive Expedition” and it was a fiasco.
Finding the elusive Villa proved next to impossible and logistics were a nightmare.
Villa was wounded in a skirmish in late March and spent two months recovering alone in a hidden cave: he dispersed his men into small squads and told them to fight on while he healed. When he came out, many of his men had been killed, including some of his best officers.
Undaunted, he took again to the hills, fighting both the Americans and Carranza's forces. In June, there was a confrontation between Carranza's forces and the Americans just south of Ciudad Juárez.
Cool heads prevented another war between Mexico and the United States, but it was clear that it was time for Pershing to leave. By early 1917 all American forces had left Mexico, and Villa was still at large.
Introduction
Few names in Mexican history evoke as much intrigue and admiration as Pancho Villa. Born José Doroteo Arango Arámbula on June 5, 1878, Villa rose from a life of poverty to become one of the most famous generals of the Mexican Revolution (1910–1920). His story is a mix of courage, cunning, and controversy—a biography that reflects both the man and the turbulent times he lived in.
Early Life: Humble Beginnings
Villa was born in the rural town of San Juan del Río, Durango, to a poor peasant family. Life was hard:
Orphaned of stability and security at an early age
Worked as a laborer and ranch hand
Early experiences with injustice fueled his rebellious spirit
Legend has it that Villa became an outlaw after defending his family against local oppression—a precursor to his later role as a revolutionary fighting for social justice.
The Revolutionary Rise
Villa’s journey into revolution began in 1910, when he joined forces with Francisco Madero against the dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz. Recognized for his military skill and charisma, he quickly became a leading figure:
Commander of the Division del Norte, one of the most formidable revolutionary armies
Led campaigns capturing key cities like Juárez and Chihuahua
Known for combining guerrilla tactics with traditional warfare
Villa’s rise was fueled not only by his strategic genius but also by his ability to inspire loyalty among his troops and local communities.
Pancho Villa’s Military Campaigns
Villa’s military career was marked by daring operations:
Guerrilla warfare: Hit-and-run attacks against better-equipped forces
Major battles: The capture of Ciudad Juárez (1911) and the defense of northern Mexico solidified his reputation
His campaigns were not just about territory—they were about justice, revenge, and the fight against oppression, often blurring the line between heroism and outlaw behavior.
Conflict and Controversy
Villa’s actions drew international attention, particularly after the 1916 raid on Columbus, New Mexico, which provoked a U.S. military response. While celebrated as a hero in Mexico, Villa was also vilified as a bandit by his opponents.
Despite this, he remained a symbol of resistance against tyranny and an advocate for the poor, embodying the revolutionary spirit of his era.
Retirement and Legacy
Villa retired from active combat in 1920, after negotiating peace with the Mexican government. He returned to his estate in Chihuahua, yet remained a legend until his assassination on July 20, 1923.
Legacy highlights:
Remembered as a champion of the oppressed
Inspired numerous films, books, and cultural depictions
Symbolizes the complexity of revolution—heroism mixed with controversy
Conclusion
Pancho Villa’s life is more than a biography—it’s a window into the Mexican Revolution, a period of hope, violence, and transformation. From humble beginnings to revolutionary fame, Villa’s story continues to captivate and inspire generations around the world.
OTHER SOURCES
After Carranza
Villa remained in the hills and mountains of northern Mexico, attacking small federal garrisons and eluding capture until 1920, when the political situation changed. In 1920, Carranza backed off a promise to support Obregón for president. This was a fatal mistake, as Obregón still had much support in many sectors of society, including the army. Carranza, fleeing Mexico City, was assassinated on May 21, 1920.
The death of Carranza was an opportunity for Pancho Villa. He began negotiations with the government to disarm and stop fighting. Although Obregón was against it, Provisional President Adolfo de la Huerta saw it as an opportunity and brokered a deal with Villa in July. Villa was granted a large hacienda, where many of his men joined him, and his veterans were all given mustering-out pay and an amnesty was declared for Villa, his officers and men. Eventually even Obregón saw the wisdom of peace with Villa and honored the deal.
Death of Villa
Obregón was elected President of Mexico in September of 1920, and he began the work of rebuilding the nation. Villa, retired to his hacienda in Canutillo, began farming and ranching. Neither man forgot about one another, and the people never forgot Pancho Villa: how could they, when the songs about his daring and cleverness were still sung up and down Mexico?
Villa kept a low profile and was seemingly friendly with Obregón, but soon the new president decided the time had come to get rid of Villa once and for all. On July 20, 1923, Villa was gunned down as he drove a car in the town of Parral. Although he was never directly implicated in the killing, it is clear that Obregón gave the order, perhaps because he feared Villa's interference (or possible candidacy) in the 1924 elections.
Pancho Villa's Legacy
The people of Mexico were devastated to hear of Villa's death: he was still a folk hero for his defiance of the Americans, and he was seen as a possible savior from the harshness of the Obregón administration. The ballads continued to be sung and even those who had hated him in life mourned his death.
Over the years, Villa has continued to evolve into a mythological figure. Mexicans have forgotten his role in the bloody Revolution, forgotten his massacres and executions and robberies. All that is left is his daring, cleverness and defiance, which continue to be celebrated by many Mexicans in art, literature and film. Perhaps it is better this way: Villa himself certainly would have approved.
Introduction
Few figures in Mexican history are as legendary—and controversial—as Pancho Villa. Known for his audacious military tactics, charismatic leadership, and turbulent personal life, Villa played a pivotal role in the Mexican Revolution (1910–1920). Yet, his legacy is complex, encompassing both heroism and infamy. In this post, we explore his life, rise to power, military campaigns, and enduring impact on Mexico and beyond.
Early Life: From Humble Beginnings to Revolutionary Mindset
Born José Doroteo Arango Arámbula on June 5, 1878, in the northern state of Durango, Villa grew up in extreme poverty. His early experiences with injustice, coupled with a desire to challenge authority, set the stage for his revolutionary path.
Left home as a teenager to escape poverty and local oppression
Worked as a laborer and outlaw before joining revolutionary forces
Gained local notoriety for defending the poor, earning early recognition as a “Robin Hood” figure
Rise to Revolutionary Prominence
Villa became involved in the Mexican Revolution in 1910, aligning initially with Francisco Madero, a reformist aiming to overthrow dictator Porfirio Díaz. Villa’s charisma and military prowess quickly elevated him to general.
His actions intensified tensions between Mexico and the U.S. but also cemented his image as a fearless revolutionary
Legacy and Death
After years of revolutionary activity, Villa retired in 1920 following a peace agreement with the Mexican government. He returned to his hacienda in Chihuahua but remained a symbol of resistance and justice.
Assassinated on July 20, 1923
Remembered as both a hero of the oppressed and a controversial outlaw
Inspired films, books, and cultural depictions worldwide
Conclusion
Pancho Villa’s life embodies the turbulence, hope, and tragedy of the Mexican Revolution. His story continues to captivate historians, students, and the public, offering lessons about leadership, justice, and the complexities of revolutionary change.
OTHER SOURCES
Birth & Early Life:
Born on June 5, 1878, as Doroteo Arango Arámbula, the future Francisco "Pancho" Villa was the son of peasants living in San Juan del Río. As a child, he received some education from a local church-run school, but became a sharecropper when his father died.
At the age of 16, he moved to Chihuahua, but swiftly returned after his sister was raped by a local hacienda owner. After tracking down the owner, Agustín Negrete, Villa shot him and stole a horse before fleeing to the Sierra Madre mountains. Roaming the hills as a bandit, Pancho Villa's outlook changed following a meeting with Abraham González.
Fighting for Madero:
The local representative for Francisco Madero, a politician who was opposed to the rule of dictator Porfirio Díaz, González convinced Villa that through his banditry he could fight for the people and hurt the hacienda owners.
In 1910, the Mexican Revolution began, with Madero's pro-democracy, antirreeleccionista volunteers confronting Díaz's federal troops. As the revolution spread, Villa joined with Madero's forces and aided in winning the first Battle of Ciudad Juárez in 1911.
Later that year, he married María Luz Corral. All across Mexico, Madero's volunteers won victories, driving Díaz into exile.
Orozco's Revolution :
With Díaz gone, Madero assumed the presidency. His rule was immediately challenged by Pascual Orozco. Pancho Villa swiftly offered his los dorados cavalry to General Victoriano Huerta to aid in destroying Orozco.
Rather than utilize Villa, Huerta, who viewed him as a rival, had him imprisoned. After a brief term in captivity, Villa managed to escape.
Huerta meanwhile had crushed Orozco and had conspired to murder Madero. With the president dead, Huerta proclaimed himself provisional president. In response, Villa allied with Venustiano Carranza to depose the usurper.
Defeating Huerta:
Operating in conjunction with Carranza's Constitutionalist Army of Mexico, Villa operated in the northern provinces. In March 1913, the fight became personal for Villa when Huerta ordered the murder of his friend Abraham González.
Building a force of volunteers and mercenaries, Villa quickly won a string of victories at Ciudad Juárez, Tierra Blanca, Chihuahua, and Ojinaga.
These earned him the governorship of Chihuahua. During this time, his stature had grown to the point that US Army invited him to meet with its senior leaders, including Gen. John J. Pershing, at Fort Bliss, TX.
Returning to Mexico, Pancho Villa gathered supplies for a drive south. Utilizing the railroads, Pancho Villa's men attacked quickly and won battles against Huerta's forces at Gómez Palacio and Torreón. Following this last victory, Carranza, who was concerned that Villa might beat him to Mexico City, ordered him to divert his attack towards Saltillo or risk losing his coal supply.
Needing coal to fuel his trains, Villa complied, but offered his resignation after the battle. Before it was accepted, he was convinced by his staff officers to retract it and defy Carranza by attacking the silver producing city of Zacatecas.
Fall of Zacatecas :
Situated in the mountains, Zacatecas was heavily defended by Federal troops. Attacking up steep slopes, Pancho Villa's men won a bloody victory, with combined casualties numbering over 7,000 dead and 5,000 wounded.
The capture of Zacatecas in June 1914, broke the back of Huerta's regime and he fled into exile. In August 1914, Carranza and his army entered Mexico City.
Villa and Emiliano Zapata, a military leader from southern Mexico, broke with Carranza fearing that he wished to be a dictator. At the Convention of Aguascalientes, Carranza was deposed as president and departed for Vera Cruz.
Battling Carranza:
Following Carranza's departure, Pancho Villa and Zapata occupied the capital. In 1915, Villa was forced to abandon Mexico City after number of incidents involving his troops. This helped pave the way for the return of Carranza and his followers.
With Carranza reasserting power, Villa and Zapata revolted against the regime. To combat Pancho Villa, Carranza sent his ablest general, Álvaro Obregón north. Meeting at the Battle of Celaya on April 13, 1915, Villa was badly defeated suffering 4,000 killed and 6,000 captured.
Pancho Villa's position was further weakened by the United States' refusal to sell him weapons.
The Columbus Raid and Punitive Expedition:
Feeling betrayed by the Americans for the embargo and their allowance of Carranza's troops to use US railroads, Villa ordered a raid across the border to strike at Columbus, NM. Attacking on March 9, 1916, they burned the town and looted military supplies.
A detachment of the US 13th Cavalry killed 80 of Pancho Villa's raiders. In response, President Woodrow Wilson dispatched Gen. John J. Pershing and 10,000 men to Mexico to capture Villa. Employing aircraft and trucks for the first time, the "Punitive Expedition" chased Villa until January 1917, with no success.
Retirement & Death:
Following Celaya and the American incursion, Pancho Villa's influence began to wane. While he remained active, Carranza had shifted his military focus to dealing with the more dangerous threat posed by Zapata in the south.
Villa's last major military action was a raid against Ciudad Juárez in 1919. The following year he negotiated his peaceful retirement with new president Adolfo de la Huerta.
Retiring to the hacienda of El Canutillo, he was assassinated while traveling through Parral, Chihuahua in his car on July 20, 1923.
